Month: October 2020

Negative eigenvalue messages are generated during the solution process when the system matrix is being decomposed. The messages can be issued for a variety of reasons, some associated with the physics of the model and others associated with numerical issues. An example of the message that is issued is:

***WARNING: THE SYSTEM MATRIX HAS 16 NEGATIVE EIGENVALUES.

IN AN EIGENVALUE EXTRACTION STEP THE NUMBER OF NEGATIVE EIGENVALUES IS

THIS MAY BE USED TO CHECK THAT EIGENVALUES HAVE NOT BEEN MISSED.

NOTE: THE LANCZOS EIGENSOLVER APPLIES AN INTERNAL SHIFT WHICH WILL

RESULT IN NEGATIVE EIGENVALUES.

IN A DIRECT-SOLUTION STEADY-STATE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS, NEGATIVE

EIGENVALUES ARE EXPECTED. A STATIC ANALYSIS CAN BE USED TO VERIFY THAT THE

SYSTEM IS STABLE.

IN OTHER CASES, NEGATIVE EIGENVALUES MEAN THAT THE SYSTEM MATRIX IS NOT

POSITIVE DEFINITE:

FOR EXAMPLE, A BIFURCATION (BUCKLING) LOAD MAY HAVE BEEN EXCEEDED.

NEGATIVE EIGENVALUES MAY ALSO OCCUR IF QUADRATIC ELEMENTS ARE

USED TO DEFINE CONTACT SURFACES.

Physically, negative eigenvalue messages are often associated with a loss of stiffness or solution uniqueness, either in the form of a material instability or the application of loading beyond a bifurcation point (possibly caused by a modelling error). During the iteration process, the stiffness matrix can then be assembled in a state which is far from equilibrium, which can cause the warnings to be issued.

Numerically, negative eigenvalues can be associated with modelling techniques that make use of Lagrange multipliers to enforce constraints, or local numerical instabilities that result in the loss of stiffness for a particular degree of freedom. Most negative eigenvalue warnings associated with Lagrange multipliers are suppressed; the exceptions are when quadratic three dimensional elements are used to define contact surfaces, or when hybrid elements are used in a geometrically nonlinear simulation and undergo large deformations.

Mathematically, the appearance of a negative eigenvalue means that the system matrix is not positive definite. If the basic statement of the finite element problem is written as:

{F} = [K] {x},

then a positive definite system matrix [K] will be non-singular and satisfy

{x}T [K] {x} > 0 for all non-zero {x}. Thus, when the system matrix is positive definite, any displacement that the model experiences will produce positive strain energy.

In addition to the causes shown in the warning message, some situations in which negative eigenvalue messages can appear include:

• Certain applications of connector elements: Negative eigenvalue warnings associated with connector elements are sometimes related to the ordering of the system equations and are spurious. If the iteration in which the warnings appear converges, check the magnitudes of the time average force and residual. If the time average force is physically reasonable and the solver controls have not been relaxed, the solution is likely acceptable.
• Buckling analyses in which the pre-buckling response is not stiff and linear elastic. In this case, the negative eigenvalues often point to spurious modes. Remember that the formulation of the buckling problem is predicated on the response of the structure being stiff and linear elastic prior to buckling.
• Unstable material response:
• A hyper elastic material going unstable at high values of strain
• Onset of perfect plasticity
• Cracking of concrete or other material failure that causes softening of the material response
• The use of anisotropic elasticity with shear moduli that is unrealistically very much lower than the direct moduli. In this case, ill-conditioning may occur triggering negative eigenvalues during shearing deformation.
• Non-positive definite shell section stiffness defined in a UGENS routine.
• The use of a pre-tension node that is not controlled by using the *BOUNDARY option, and the components of the structure are not kinematically constrained. In this case, the structure could fall apart due to the presence of rigid body modes. The warning messages that result may include one related to negative eigenvalues.
• Some applications of hydrostatic fluid elements.
• Rigid body motion modes due to errors in modelling.
• The presence of trivial equations in the system matrix. In general, Abaqus will strip out trivial equations before they are sent to the solver; however, in some instances numerical tolerances allow them to proceed and the system matrix may become numerically ill-conditioned.  You may see numerical singularities or zero pivots in addition to negative eigenvalues.

Truss and membrane elements are sometimes the source of such issues. Consider for example a truss element aligned with the global X-axis and carrying a tensile axial load. The stiffness and loading in the transverse direction are zero and will not be sent to the solver. If the same truss is oriented arbitrarily in space and a transformed coordinate system is used to load the truss axially, it is physically the same situation; however, it is possible that the transverse stiffness and load terms may be numerically large enough to not be trivial but not large enough to provide sufficient resistance to load. Subsequently it can cause numerical issues. The addition of small initial stresses to trusses and membranes are strongly recommended to avoid these situations.

Negative eigenvalue warnings will sometimes be accompanied by other warnings, addressing such things as excessive element distortion, magnitude of the current strain increment, numerical singularities, or zero pivots. In cases where the analysis will not converge, resolution of the non-convergence will often eliminate the negative eigenvalue warnings as well.

For analyses that do converge, carefully check the results if the warnings appear in converged iterations. A common cause of negative eigenvalue warnings is the assembly of the stiffness matrix about a non-equilibrium state. In these instances, the warnings will normally disappear with continued iteration, and, if there are no warnings in any iteration that have converged, warnings that appear in non-converged iterations may safely be neglected. If the warnings appear in converged iterations however, the solution must be checked to make sure it is physically realistic and acceptable. It may be the case that a solution satisfying the convergence tolerance has been found for the model while it is in a non-equilibrium state. If a model is overconstrained, it may be the case that the time average force reported in the message file is as large as to be physically meaningless; the default solution tolerances in this case will permit convergence to a solution that is not correct.

This blog explains the different errors encountered while using Abaqus/Explicit and the ways to debug and troubleshoot them.

1. Tracking Difficulties

Reason: By default, Abaqus/Explicit uses a fast, local tracking algorithm to track the penetration of a slave node into the master surface; at a frequency of every 100 increments (the user can change this default), Abaqus/Explicit performs a global search. If penetration by a slave node goes undetected for a period of time (in between the global searches), the code may allow the penetration to go unresolved and a large correction (or force) may be required to overcome the penetration when it is finally detected. A high velocity is imparted to the nodes that had penetrated the contact surfaces but were not detected as over-penetrated; this high rate of deformation causes problems such as severe element distortion.

Debugging: Create a history plot of global energy quantities ALLIE and ALLKE for every time increment prior to termination. If a contact correction is the reason for termination, there will be a large spike in ALLKE just prior to the termination point.

In addition, create vector plots of A and CFORCE from the state just prior to termination. Look for evidence of contact force values and accelerations (and the corresponding locations) that are much higher than elsewhere in the model, particularly on contact surfaces and in the region of the node or element number indicated in the error message.

If necessary, rerun or restart the analysis to get this information. If the penetration goes undetected during the analysis, no diagnostic messages will be printed. However, this problem can be seen by looking at the deformed shape of the model and checking that the contact pressures and opening make sense.

Caution: In the event of a restart analysis, the problem might not reproduce itself due to step initialization and the fact that the initial time increment will not replicate the one used in the original analysis (at the start of every step, an element-by-element time estimator is used; later, a global time estimator is used). If you are running a multi-step analysis and several steps complete prior to termination, it is better to restart from the beginning of the last completed step.

Remedy: Increase the frequency of the global contact tracking

• Abaqus/CAE: Interaction Module: Interaction → Contact Controls → Create… → Global Search Frequency
• Keyword: *CONTACT CONTROLS, CPSET=contact_pair_set_name, GLOBALTRKINC=n and/or use the more conservative local tracking algorithm
• Abaqus/CAE: Interaction Module: Interaction → Contact Controls → Create… → unselect Fast local tracking
• Keyword: *CONTACT CONTROLS, CPSET=contact_pair_set_name, FASTLOCALTRK=NO

2. Hourglassing

Reason: Abaqus/Explicit generally offers first-order reduced-integration elements, which may be susceptible to hourglassing. When mesh refinement is inadequate, hourglassing may cause nonphysical deformation modes that, when coupled with contact constraints, can lead to severe contact penetrations. This is particularly true when contact occurs at a single node.

Debugging: Plot the global energy histories ALLIE and ALLAE for all increments up to termination. If ALLAE is a significant fraction of ALLIE, hourglassing has occurred. In addition, inspect the deformation pattern of the mesh at times prior to failure. If a regular pattern of element distortion is clearly visible in the deformed mesh (you may have to increase the magnification factor to see it), hourglassing is probably occurring.

Remedy: The enhanced hourglass control method, which is based on the enhanced assumed strain method, may help. Use:

• Abaqus/CAE: Mesh module: Mesh → Element Type… → Hourglass control: Enhanced
• Keyword: *SECTION CONTROLS, NAME=name, HOURGLASS=ENHANCED

If you have decided not to use the enhanced hourglass control approach, refine the mesh and try to distribute the contact over several nodes (for example, change sharp corners to round corners). Increasing the hourglass stiffness is usually not the best solution. If mesh refinement does not cure the hourglassing, try using a different type of hourglass control.

If you need to increase the hourglass stiffness, use:

• Abaqus/CAE: Mesh module: Mesh → Element Type… → Hourglass control: type_of_hourglass_control
• Keyword: *SECTION CONTROLS, NAME=name, HOURGLASS=type_of_hourglass_control where type_of_hourglass_controlis:
  • RELAX STIFFNESS for the default integral viscoelastic approach
  • STIFFNESS for the Kelvin viscoelastic stiffness approach
  • VISCOUS for the Kelvin viscoelastic viscous approach
  • COMBINED, WEIGHT FACTOR= for the stiffness and viscous Kelvin viscoelastic approach

3. Material instability

Reason: Material instability may occur near a contact interface because contact may be the first type of loading on a structure. Since contact is frequently a sudden load (such as in an impact), the loading may be severe enough to cause the material to go unstable.

Debugging: Usually this problem is characterized by a large acceleration without a corresponding large reaction force at a contact node (the acceleration is due to the element’s internal force rather than an external force).

Remedy: Check the material definition to ensure stability requirements are satisfied (in particular for hyper elastic materials). If the material stability requirements are met, try applying the contact gradually to reduce its severity. Use velocity boundary conditions, or use the smooth-step amplitude definition.

4. Initial overclosures

Reason: Abaqus/Explicit does not permit any initial overclosures. The nodes on the contacting surfaces are adjusted to remove the initial overclosure. Corrections at the beginning of an analysis do not induce strains; later adjustments cause strains. Thus, if the initial overclosure is too large in steps other than the first, the corresponding contact correction may be too large and cause significant deformation in the elements.

With balanced master-slave contact or when nodes are slaves to more than one master surface (i.e., pinched contact), it is possible to have unresolved initial overclosures. These will result in large initial accelerations, which can lead to significant mesh distortion. The unresolved overclosures are reported to the status (.sta) file.

Adjacent slave nodes (i.e., those connected by a facet) that initially lie on either side of a double-sided surface will be corrected so that each slave node is moved to the nearest free surface (thus, the slave nodes will be moved to opposite sides of the master surface).

Warnings for such a case are issued when the slave nodes are defined as part of a surface but not when they are defined through node-based surfaces (i.e., contact node sets). This will lead to contact difficulties if not corrected.

Debugging: Check your model for evidence of initial overclosures. In particular, remember to consider the thickness of a shell when positioning bodies relative to one another. If introducing a new contact pair in a later step (for example, adding a new rigid punch and die), take into account any deformations that may have occurred up to that point when positioning the new features.

In addition, check for incorrect surface normals. For single-sided contact the surface normal must be consistent and point toward the opposing surface.

To understand what is happening, try to simplify the model to include only the region near the large accelerations. Adjusting the weighting of the contact pair (or pairs) often helps.

Remedy: Reposition surfaces to remove the initial overclosures. Reverse surface normal definitions if necessary. If surfaces are being pinched, make the pinched surfaces master surfaces if possible.

5. Overconstraining the model with MPCs and equations

Reason: Overconstraining nodes with MPCs or equations and contact conditions can generate conflicting constraints when using kinematic contact. In some cases this can lead to large distortions and contact corrections.

Debugging: Remove the constraints one at a time to isolate the culprit.

Remedy: Redefine or remove the constraints. Switching to penalty contact will tend to alleviate the problem as well.

6. Highly warped surfaces

Reason: It is difficult to calculate the correct contact conditions when surfaces are, or become, highly warped. Warping is monitored throughout the analysis at regular intervals, and warnings are issued when warping exceeds a threshold value (the default is 20 degrees). If this happens, Abaqus/Explicit switches to a more accurate algorithm to determine the nearest point on the master surface for a slave node.

Debugging: Significant warping is sometimes an indication of problems in the solution, so Abaqus/Explicit issues a warning message in the status (.sta) file when a threshold value of warping is exceeded (the default is 20 degrees between surface normals of adjacent elements). This message is more of an indicator of solution problems if the underlying elements of the surface are solid elements — in this case, warping is frequently a sign of hourglassing. This is a less common cause for shells and membranes. Frequently, the problems caused by highly warped surfaces in contact will trigger the “excessive wave speed” error.

Remedy: Refine the underlying surface mesh if possible, and make sure that the surface is modelled as smoothly as possible.

7. Inadequate surface definitions

Reason: Penetrations may occur because a surface is improperly or inadequately defined. For example, if large deformations are expected, the underlying surface must extend far enough to prevent a slave node from sliding around the end of the master surface. If this happens (the slave node gets behind the master surface), the slave node will be forced immediately to the master surface (to satisfy the contact constraint). This will impart very large forces and velocities to the slave node, probably causing severe element distortion.

If two-sided contact is possible (in a shell model), the contact surface must be defined properly as a double-sided contact surface.

If the contact is pure master-slave, the master surface nodes can penetrate the slave surface.

Debugging: Check the surface definitions:

• Do they need to be extended so that slave nodes do not slide behind master surfaces?
• Is two-sided contact possible?
• Does the contact pair weighting need to be adjusted?
• Are the masses of the master and slave surfaces very different?
• Is the edge of a surface a symmetry boundary condition?

Remedy: Make sure that the surfaces extend far enough so that nodal penetrations are prevented. When modelling contacts with shell elements, use two-sided contact.

If the edge of a surface is a symmetry boundary, remember to put the symmetry boundary condition on both the slave and master surfaces.

8. Self-contact with thick shells

Reason: The shell thickness is considered in contact calculations. Extremely large thicknesses (greater than the spacing between nodes) will cause nodes to appear to be penetrating nearby facets even in a flat self-contact surface (a node “penetrates” the outer boundary of its neighbour even when it is impossible for it to do so physically).

Debugging: Compare the shell thickness against a typical element dimension (edge or diagonal length).

Remedy: Use the SCALE THICK and/or MAXRATIO parameters on the *SURFACE option to scale down the thickness used in the contact calculations on the elements forming a surface. Make sure the contact thickness is still significant relative to the facet size.

9. Contact with thick shells

 Reason: There is a chance of encountering tracking problems at corners (for example, only facets on one side of a corner might be considered during local tracking, but when the global tracking is done, a slave node might be detected as being over-penetrated by facets on the other edge of the corner).



The slave node in the current position will be forced back onto the contact surface, resulting in large contact forces and velocities.

Debugging: Compare the shell thickness against a typical element dimension (edge or diagonal length).

Remedy: Either use the NO THICK parameter on the *SURFACE option to completely ignore the element thickness when performing contact calculations. More frequent global tracking of the contact may also help.

10. Poor surface definition with shell offsets

Reason: At acute corners shell offsets may result in a poorly defined contact surface (tangled midsurface). Since tracking is based on the shell midsurface, you can encounter tracking problems with a tangled surface.

Debugging: Compare the shell thickness against a typical element dimension (edge or diagonal length).

Remedy: Use the NO OFFSET parameter on the *SURFACE option to ignore the shell section offset when performing contact calculations.

11. Excessive loading rates/excessive mass scaling

Reason: By default, loads are applied instantaneously. This type of loading imparts large kinetic energy to nodes, possibly causing excessive element distortion and/or wave speeds.

Large mass scaling can result in similar problems since the kinetic energy and material inertia of a node are scaled artificially as a result.

Debugging: See the previous discussions on material instability and hourglassing. Check the loading rates. Are the units consistent? Check amplitude definitions (if used).

Remedy: Reduce the loading rate or reduce mass scaling.

12. Multiple contact constraints on a node

Reason: Typically this occurs when a surface is pinched between two bodies. If a slave surface is pinched between two master surfaces (or balanced master-slave contact is used), some penetration will persist in one of the contact pairs. Abaqus/Explicit cannot resolve initial overclosures for this scenario.

Debugging: Check for large accelerations and reaction forces on the contact surfaces.

Remedy: Use strict master-slave contact with the master surface being pinched between two slaves. Making at least one of the contact pairs use penalty contact often alleviates the solution noise when the slave surfaces are on the pinched body.

13. Large mass mismatch: deformable-deformable contact

Reason: Undesirable numerical behaviour can occur for deformable-deformable contact if the nodal masses of the master nodes are orders of magnitude less than those of the slave nodes or for rigid-deformable contact if the rigid body mass is orders of magnitude less than the deformable body mass.

Debugging: Look for tensile contact forces at the outer slave nodes of the contact region. Plots of A for nodes on the surfaces may show excessively noisy behaviour.

Remedy: Use strict master-slave contact with the master surface containing the more massive nodes for deformable-deformable contact, or increase the mass of the rigid body reference node for rigid-deformable contact. A warning message will be printed to the message (.msg) file indicating this may be a problem. Switching to penalty contact can also alleviate the problem.

14. High-speed impact and resulting element distortions

Reason: High-speed impact can cause extreme element distortion in the contact region due to the large momentum transfer in the impact region.

Debugging: Check that other causes of contact problems have been eliminated. Consider the physics to decide if the material may actually be failing and should not be in the model once it fails.

Remedy: If the material is actually failing, use a material failure model to remove elements before they become too distorted and cause element errors.

While running the analysis on a model with contacts, a major problem arises i.e. convergence. It is not just because of single reason, that it can be resolved in an easy way.  When you come across such problems in different types of analysis, job will terminate by showing an error message or a set of warnings in the analysis. That means the solution is unable to converge.

There are different reasons for why an ABAQUS analysis fails in obtaining the convergence.  The main key area we need to look at is errors and warnings. Almost all symptoms of convergence issue are mentioned in the message file.  The following are some common set of error and warning messages that arise during the convergence:

1. ERROR: TOO MANY INCREMENTS NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE STEP

This error arises mainly because of zero pivot or numerical singularity warnings. Check the message file for any warning message. Check the loads and make sure the model can withstand that amount of load and also increase the limit of maximum number of increments in the step.

2. WARNING: ELEMENT 441 IS DISTORTING SO MUCH THAT IT TURNS INSIDE OUT

This warning is because of Mesh Convergence and it can be fixed by two methods:

• Refining the mesh into small element length to improve the convergence.
• By using the complex element type, such as using hybrid formulation, using hourglass enhance technique, etc.

3. ERROR: TIME INCREMENT REQUIRED IS LESS THAN MINIMUM SPECIFIED -ANALYSIS ENDS

Analysis terminates because the minimum time increment specified is less to achieve the convergence. In the first step, you need to check the message file to see the warnings and error message. To resolve this error, minimum allowable increment size in the step needs to be reduced to obtain the converged solution.

4. WARNING: THE STRAIN INCREMENT HAS EXCEEDED FIFTY TIMES THE STRAIN TO CAUSE FIRST YIELD AT 500 POINTS

It indicates that the analysis is undergoing excessive plastic yielding which leads to solution inaccuracy and convergence problem. This warning is because of unstable material behaviour. The main cause for this warning is insufficient material data with respect to stress-strain data. The other factors that influence strain increment are: insufficient mesh refinement and unstable deformation, such as buckling. It is always better to extrapolate the plasticity data so that the slope is positive over the range of strain.

5. WARNING: THE SOLUTION APPEARS TO BE DIVERGING

This warning message is because of a large increment in the step. Automatic time increment resolves this issue by reducing time increment. It is not a cause for convergence problem but such warnings may lead to cutbacks in analysis.



The majority of convergence problems can be resolved with different approaches. Some of the tips needed to be considered while resolving the convergence problems are mentioned below:

• Instabilities with respect to contact discontinuity in the analysis directly affect the convergence rate. To overcome local instability due to contact separation, we need to assign the surface wise stabilization in the interaction module by creating the stabilization in contact.



• Contact non-convergence problem relies on the stability of contact. Keeping that in mind, ABAQUS offers contact controls for stabilization in static problems. Apply the contact controls in order to resolve instabilities in the model during analysis.



• Pay attention to warning messages as some of them are specific. If the warning message repeats itself and repeated cutbacks occur, it may indicate a stability issue. This is the most common cause of non-convergence. This can be overcome by specifying the dissipated energy fraction under automatic stabilization in step module.



• One cause for convergence issue is boundary conditions. If the model is assigned with inadequate boundary condition, it can lead to over or under-constrained conditions. Due to unreasonable boundary conditions, warnings will be generated under job monitor.

The major issue while running contact based problems is convergence and analysis will terminate because of different reasons related to convergence issues. To overcome these problems and to get an accurate output, we need to look at warnings and errors in the message file to judge the aspects responsible for convergence issue in a finite element analysis. Convergence plays an important role in terms of accuracy of simulation problems. So we need to resolve the warnings and errors efficiently to get the required output. I hope this blog has given you the overall solution for convergence problem, considering the most common warnings and error messages.